RRSP Tips and Traps for Small Business Owners in Canada

Published July 22, 2024  |  Edited July 24, 2024 | Revised September 17, 2024  | Updated November 13, 2024

WHAT'S IN THIS ARTICLE
When RRSPs are a Good Choice | Pay Down Debt vs RRSP Contribution | RRSP Tips | Potential RRSP Traps to Avoid | Example Scenario 1 | How RRSP Contribution Limits Work | Example Scenario 2 | Penalties for Over-Contribution | Example Scenario 3 | Maximum Age | The Importance of Retirement Savings for Small Business Owners | The Value of Compounding | Example Scenario 4 | Example Scenario 5 | Cushioning Setbacks by Starting Early | Final Thoughts

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Registered Retirement Savings Plans (RRSPs) can be a valuable tool for small business owners in Canada to save for retirement, but there are specific situations and considerations to keep in mind to maximize their benefits. Following are my thoughts on RRSP tips and traps:

Here's why an RRSP could be a good choice for your business:

1. Consistent Income: If the business generates a steady and predictable income, contributing to an RRSP can be advantageous. It allows the business owner to defer taxes on income to years when they might be in a lower tax bracket, reducing the overall tax burden.

2. Tax Deductibility: Contributions to an RRSP are tax-deductible in the year they are made, reducing taxable income for the business owner. This can be especially helpful in high-income years.

3. Compound Growth: Investments within an RRSP grow tax-deferred, enabling the power of compound interest. This means that any income earned in the RRSP (interest, dividends, capital gains) is not taxed until withdrawal, potentially allowing the investment to grow faster than it would in a taxable account.

4. Retirement Planning: RRSPs are primarily designed for retirement savings. For a business owner looking to set aside funds specifically for retirement, an RRSP can provide a structured and disciplined approach.

5. Splitting Income with a Spouse: If the business owner is in a higher tax bracket than their spouse, a spousal RRSP can be a useful tool. Contributions by one spouse to the other’s RRSP can balance out retirement income and reduce the tax burden when funds are withdrawn.

Deciding between paying down personal debt and contributing to an RRSP (Registered Retirement Savings Plan) depends on various factors, and sometimes a hybrid approach might be the most beneficial.

The question of whether to prioritize paying down debt or contributing to an RRSP is a nuanced one, particularly when considering the importance of establishing a habit of saving. Here is a perspective that weighs heavily on the concept of saving while also addressing debt concerns.

The Importance of Saving

1. Developing Financial Discipline:

• Contributing regularly to an RRSP helps instill financial discipline and creates a habit of saving, which can be beneficial in the long term.
• Establishing this habit might prevent a continual cycle of debt if it encourages better financial planning and budgeting.

2. Power of Compounding:

• As mentioned above, early and consistent contributions to an RRSP can take advantage of the power of compounding interest, leading to significant growth over time.
• Delaying contributions might reduce the overall amount of retirement savings due to losing out on early years of compound growth.

3. Financial Security:

• Building an RRSP not only prepares for retirement but also offers a safety net that can be crucial during financial emergencies or changes in life circumstances.
• Reliance on debt alone for financial crises can lead to financial insecurity and higher costs due to interest.

Combining Strategies - RRSP Contribution and Tax Refund to Pay Down Debt

Here's plan that will tackle saving and debt repayment simultaneously. Here's how I see the benefits for this strategy:

1. Dual Accomplishment:

•  By contributing to an RRSP, you secure tax deductions that lower your taxable income, resulting in a tax refund.
• Using the tax refund to pay down debt achieves both saving and debt reduction simultaneously.

2. Psychological Boost:

• Seeing the growth in RRSP savings and the reduction in debt can provide a motivational boost and a sense of financial achievement.
• This can encourage continued positive financial behaviors.

3. Cost-Benefit Analysis:

• If the immediate tax savings from the RRSP contribution and the subsequent tax refund are greater than or close to the interest being paid on the debt, this strategy might be particularly effective.
• It could result in a net positive financial position compared to only paying down debt without saving.

Considerations

• High-Interest Debt Priority - Ensure that high-interest debt is managed effectively. Contributing to an RRSP while carrying significant high-interest debt (e.g., credit cards, payday loans) might not be optimal if the interest costs outweigh the benefits of the tax refund.
• Emergency Fund - Before implementing this strategy, assess whether you have an emergency fund. An emergency fund prevents the need to depend on debt if unexpected expenses arise.

Personalizing the Approach

Given the specifics of a small business owner's financial situation, here's a suggested approach:

• Assess Debt Types and Interest Rates - Prioritize high-interest debt for immediate repayment.
• Allocate a Percentage for Savings - Decide on a fixed percentage of disposable income for RRSP contributions, ensuring it's sustainable and doesn’t overly strain cash flow.
• Plan for Tax Refund Utilization - Pre-determine the plan to direct tax refunds towards debt repayment, making the process systematic and consistent.
• Review and Adjust - Regularly review the financial situation and adjust the saving and debt repayment strategy as necessary.

Example Strategy

Let's assume small business owners Jane and John have $1,000 monthly allocated for financial improvement. Here’s an approach:

1. Allocate 60% ($600) toward paying down high-interest debt.
2. Allocate 40% ($400) toward RRSP contributions.
3. Use the annual or quarterly tax refund resulting from RRSP contributions to aggressively pay down remaining debt or establish an emergency fund if they don't have one.

The balanced strategy presented here ensures both savings growth and debt reduction, addressing the psychological and financial aspect of both goals.

This RRSP tips and traps example avoids the likelihood of never getting around to savings because the likelihood of clearing one debt often leads to entering into more debt rather than putting the "debt payments" to savings once the debt is paid off.

There are RRSP tips and traps. This RRSP tip of incorporating the dual strategy of contributing to an RRSP and using tax refunds to pay down debt can be very effective. It promotes long-term savings habits while responsibly addressing debt, potentially disrupting the cycle of indebtedness.

Here are some tips when utilizing RRSPs:

1. Contribution Limits: Ensure understanding of the annual contribution limits. For 2025 (2024), the limit is 18% of the previous year's earned income, up to a maximum of $32,490 ($31,560)  [whichever is less], plus any unused contribution room from previous years.

2. Maximize before Deadline: Contributions for the tax year can be made until 60 days after the end of that calendar year. Making contributions before this deadline ensures they are included in that year's tax deductions.

3. Withdrawal Planning: Plan for withdrawals carefully, as they are fully taxable as income during the year they are withdrawn. Early withdrawals can attract higher taxes, depending on the tax bracket at the time of withdrawal.

4. Start Saving As Early As Possible: I recommend small business owners start saving for retirement as early as possible. The earlier you start, the better you can harness the power of compounding, mitigate future financial setbacks, and ensure a comfortable retirement.

Here are some potential traps to avoid:

1. Over-Contribution Penalties: Be very cautious about over-contributing. Over-contributions beyond $2,000 over the annual limit are subject to a 1% per month penalty tax until withdrawn or corrected.

2. Locked-In Plans: If considering transferring funds from other pension plans into an RRSP, be aware that some of these transfers might not be possible initially as the pension plan may be a locked-in plan which restrict access to the funds until retirement age. These plans are referred to as locked-in retirement accounts (LIRA).

3. Home Buyers’ Plan (HBP) and Lifelong Learning Plan (LLP): While RRSP funds can be borrowed for the HBP or LLP, these amounts must be repaid within a certain period, or they will be included as taxable income.

4. Evaluating Tax Situations: The business owner's tax situation should be carefully evaluated. If the business owner expects to be in a higher tax bracket in retirement due to other income sources, an RRSP might be less beneficial. In such cases, a Tax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) or a combination strategy may be more appropriate.

5. Avoiding Panic Withdrawals: Market fluctuations can tempt business owners to withdraw their RRSP investments in times of economic downturns. However, such withdrawals can lock in losses and lead to undesirable tax consequences. It's important to manage investments with a long-term mindset.

Example Scenario 1:

Suppose a small business owner, Jane, earns $120,000 a year from her business. By contributing $21,600 ($120,000 x 18%: the maximum allowed amount assuming no carry-forward room) to her RRSP, she reduces her taxable income to $98,400 ($120,000 - $21,600). Depending on her marginal tax rate, this could result in significant tax savings in the year of contribution.

She must remember her contribution limit includes any employer-sponsored pension plans and past contributions. If Jane plans to withdraw funds before retirement, she should consider the tax implications carefully. Additionally, this contribution will grow tax-deferred until she retires, at which point planning her withdrawals in retirement to maximize tax efficiency is essential. If Jane is in a lower tax bracket at retirement, her withdrawals in retirement will be tax-efficient.

Basic Formula:
The annual contribution limit for your RRSP is determined based on the following:

1. **18% of Your Earned Income** from the previous year, or
2. A maximum limit set by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) for that year, whichever is lower.

For example:

• For the 2025 tax year, the maximum contribution limit is $32,490.
• If 18% of your earned income from the previous year is greater than $32,490, your contribution limit would be capped at $32,490.

Steps to Calculate Your Limit:
1. Determine Earned Income:

• Earned income includes salaried earnings, self-employment income, rental income, CPP disability payments, alimony, and maintenance payments.
• It does not include investment income, pension income, or income from rental properties if related to passive investments.

2. Calculate 18% of Your Earned Income:

• Multiply your earned income from the previous year by 18%.

3. Compare with Maximum Limit:

• Compare the result with the CRA’s annual maximum contribution limit and use the lower of the two values

Carry-Forward Room - Unused Contribution Room:

• If you did not contribute the maximum amount in previous years, the unused contribution room can be carried forward indefinitely. This means you can make up for under-contributions in future years. It can be advantageous to have unused RRSP contribution room if you ever receive large lump sums at a time such as an inheritance or a severance package.

Example Scenario 2:

Let's assume Jane's earned income for the year 2025 was $120,000.

1. Calculate 18% of Earned Income:
[$120,000 x 0.18 = $21,600]

2. Compare with 2025 Maximum Limit:

• The 2025 maximum limit is $32,490, so your contribution limit will be the lesser of $21,600 and $32,490.
• Therefore, for 2025, your contribution limit is $21,600.

3. Adding Any Carry-Forward Amounts:

• If you had unused contribution room from previous years, add that to your limit for the current year.
• You can find your carry-forwards amount through your CRA My Account online portal or on your latest Notice Of Assessment (NOA).

If you contribute more than your allowed limit, a penalty of 1% per month is applied to the excess contribution. The CRA allows a one-time buffer of $2,000 of over-contribution without immediate penalty. However, this excess is not tax-deductible and must eventually be corrected.

Example Scenario 3

Assume Jane's CRA’s NOA states she has $5,000 of unused contribution room from previous years.

1. New Limit:
[$21,600 (current year limit from above) + $5,000 (carry-forward on NOA) = $26,600]

In this example, Jane could contribute up to $26,600 to your RRSP for 2025.

You can contribute to an RRSP until December 31 of the year in which you turn 71. After that, you’ll need to convert it into a Registered Retirement Income Fund (RRIF) or an annuity. Any LIRAs will need to be converted to LIFs (Life Income Fund).

Here are some of the reasons why I think a small business owner in Canada needs to save for retirement just like any employee would:

1. Lack of Employer-Sponsored Plans:

• Unlike employees who might have access to employer-sponsored pension plans or group RRSPs, small business owners must take full responsibility for their retirement savings. Utilizing RRSPs and TFSAs ensures you have funds set aside for your retirement years instead of relying solely on the sale of your business. I know you think you have "time" for that later but you are better off starting early. 

2. Tax Advantages of RRSPs:

• Immediate Tax Deduction: Contributions to an RRSP are tax-deductible, which means reducing your taxable income for the year you contribute. This can result in significant tax savings, especially if you're in a higher tax bracket.
• Tax-Deferred Growth: Investment income earned within an RRSP is not taxed until withdrawal. This allows for compound growth of investments without the drag of annual taxes.
• Income Smoothing: By contributing to an RRSP during high-income years and withdrawing during retirement when income is typically lower, you can benefit from being taxed at a lower rate on withdrawals.

3. Flexibility and Convenience of TFSAs:

• Tax-Free Withdrawals: Contributions to a TFSA are made with after-tax dollars, but any income earned within the account and withdrawals are tax-free. This flexibility can be particularly advantageous for managing cash flow needs without tax consequences.
• No Age Limit: There’s no mandatory withdrawal age for a TFSA, so it can be used for both short-term and long-term savings goals.
• Old Age Security: Income from and withdrawals when retired do not reduce your Old Age Security (OAS) benefits.

4. Diversification and Risk Management:

• Diversified Income Sources: Depending solely on the sale of your business for retirement is risky. Market conditions, business valuation, and buyer availability can vary. RRSPs and TFSAs provide a diversified retirement income stream.
• Risk Reduction: Having multiple sources of retirement income reduces the financial risk associated with relying solely on your business for future financial security.

5. Owner Compensation Strategies:

• Incorporating RRSP contributions as part of your compensation strategy can be beneficial. You can pay yourself a salary and utilize that earned income to contribute to your RRSP, thus integrating personal tax planning with business cash flow management.

6. Additional Considerations:

• Spousal RRSP: If you have a spouse or common-law partner, contributing to a spousal RRSP can also provide a strategic advantage, allowing income splitting during retirement.
• Estate Planning: RRSPs can be a tax-efficient method for estate planning. They allow you to designate a beneficiary, potentially easing the transfer of wealth upon death.

I recommend small business owners start saving for retirement as early as possible. The earlier you start, the better you can harness the power of compounding, mitigate future financial setbacks, and ensure a comfortable retirement.

Let's chat about the value of compounding. Compounding is the process where the value of an investment increases because the earnings on an investment, both capital gains and interest, earn interest as time passes. Here's why compounding is so powerful:

• Growth on Growth: Over time, the initial investment earns returns. In the next period, the investment grows not just from the initial amount but also from the returns that have been reinvested. This is why I emphasize the importance of creating and establishing the "habit" of saving regardless of the amount in the beginning.
• Exponential Growth: The longer the investment period, the more pronounced the effect of compounding. Small amounts invested early can grow significantly more than larger amounts invested later. Investing small amounts in your twenties and thirties will have more impact than large amounts in your forties and fifties.

Example Scenario 4

Let's consider two small business owners, Jane and John. Jane starts investing $5,000 annually into her RRSP at age 25, while John starts the same annual investment at age 35. Both plan to retire at age 65, and let's assume an average annual return of 6%.

Jane's investment over 40 years:

• Total contributions: $5,000 * 40 = $200,000
• Future value: Approximately $825,238*

John's investment over 30 years:

• Total contributions: $5,000 * 30 = $150,000
• Future value: Approximately $424,008*

Despite contributing only $50,000 more than John, Jane's early start allows her to end up with almost twice the amount at retirement.

* I used the Britannica compounded interest calculator.

Example Scenario 5

Let's consider two small business owners, Jane and John again. In this scenario, Jane starts investing $5,000 annually into her RRSP at age 25, while John starts investing $15,000 annually at age 45. Both plan to retire at age 65, and let's assume an average annual return of 6%.

Jane's investment over 40 years:

• Total contributions: $5,000 * 40 = $200,000
• Future value: Approximately $825,238*

John's investment over 20 years:

• Total contributions: $15,000 * 20 = $300,000
• Future value: Approximately $599,891*

Despite contributing only $100,000 less than John, Jane's early start allows her to end up with more than John. Due to starting later, John's investments had less time to compound illustrating the advantage of starting early.

KEY TAKEAWAY

This example shows the importance of starting early, but also illustrates that increasing contributions can partially counterbalance a late start. 

The duration your money is invested plays a critical role in the growth of your investments due to the power of compounding. Even smaller contributions can grow larger if invested for a longer period.

*I used the Britannica compounded interest calculator

Starting early has several advantages, especially when considering future potential financial setbacks:

1. Time to Recover: The longer the investment horizon, the more time investments have to recover from market downturns. Early investments can ride out the volatility and still grow over the long term. This helps you sleep at nights.
2. Flexible Contribution Levels: Starting early allows for more flexibility. If a bad year hits, you won't be under as much pressure to save aggressively because you have already accumulated substantial savings. You can afford to lower your contributions temporarily if necessary.
3. Dollar-Cost Averaging: By investing regularly over time, you can buy more shares when prices are low and fewer when prices are high, potentially reducing the average cost of your investments.
4. Lower Financial Stress: Knowing you have a nest egg growing can reduce financial stress and give you peace of mind, allowing you to focus on growing your business without worrying incessantly about your financial future.

KEY TAKEAWAY

Starting your retirement savings early, even with modest amounts, takes full advantage of the power of compounding. It can make a huge difference in your financial stability and retirement readiness. The sooner you start, the more time your investments have to grow, and the better you're positioned to handle any economic setbacks without jeopardizing your retirement plans.

Remember life happens while you are making plans. You will have setbacks. Count on it.

Small business owners like Jane and John should take the time to understand the various RRSP tips and traps to decide if they are the appropriate savings vehicle for their situation. Utilizing RRSPs and TFSAs as part of their retirement planning strategy could help them enjoy tax benefits, ensure financial security, and manage risk effectively. These savings vehicles offer a structured, tax-efficient way to prepare for retirement, complementing any other avenues of retirement income.

To find your exact contribution limit, the best and most accurate source is the CRA’s notice of assessment or through the CRA My Account online portal. Your NOA will include any carry-forward amounts and other adjustments relevant to your specific situation.

RRSPs can be a powerful retirement tool for small business owners, offering tax deferral, tax-deductible contributions, and compound growth potential. However, understanding the rules, benefits, and potential pitfalls is necessary to effectively leveraging this tool. Careful planning and consultation with a tax professional can help small business owners like Jane optimize the benefits of an RRSP.

More >> Planning an Exit Strategy

More >> Reasons to Choose a RRSP Contribution Over an TFSA Contribution

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